References & Bibliography
Websites
Anonymous. 2014. [online] Available at: http://www.cssnz.org/evolution-of-cactus-4.php [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Answers.com. 2014. How did cactus plants evolve?. [online] Available at: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_did_cactus_plants_evolve#slide=12&article=How_did_cactus_plants_evolve [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Archive.bio.ed.ac.uk. 2014. CACTI AND OTHER SUCCULENTS. [online] Available at: http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/desertecology/cacti.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Au.answers.yahoo.com. 2014. Choose two similar characteristics of Cacti and Euphorbia. Describe how each characteristic benefit’s the plan? - Yahoo Answers. [online] Available at: http://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100202082002AAGtPpS [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Cals.arizona.edu. 2014. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. [online] Available at: http://cals.arizona.edu/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Cdri.org. 2014. Darwin and the Cactus « Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center. [online] Available at: http://cdri.org/publications/nature-notes/evolution-ecology/darwin-and-the-cactus/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dictionary.com. 2014. the definition of ecological niche. [online] Available at: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ecological+niche [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Eduscapes.com. 2014. Cactus (Cactaceae) - In Depth. [online] Available at: http://eduscapes.com/nature/cactus/index1.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Faculty.unlv.edu. 2014. Cacti and Succulents. [online] Available at: http://faculty.unlv.edu/landau/cacti.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Legacy.earlham.edu. 2014. CAM2. [online] Available at: http://legacy.earlham.edu/~biol/desert/CAM2.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Lifeofplant.blogspot.com.au. 2011. Plant Life: Evolution: Convergent and Divergent. [online] Available at: http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com.au/2011/04/evolution-convergent-and-divergent.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Madsci.org. 2014. Re: What is the difference between cacti and euphorbias?. [online] Available at: http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2001-08/999133031.Bt.r.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Mapoflife.org. 2014. "Desert plants with succulent stems" : Map of Life. [online] Available at: http://www.mapoflife.org/topics/topic_387_Desert-plants-with-succulent-stems/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Mapoflife.org. 2014. "Succulent desert plants" : Map of Life. [online] Available at: http://www.mapoflife.org/topics/topic_385_Succulent-desert-plants/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2014. Crassulacean acid metabolism-cycling in Euphorbia... [AoB Plants. 2013] - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23596548 [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Ncp-space.net. 2014. Workshop for a convergent evolution of GEOSS, INSPIRE and GMES | COSMOS. [online] Available at: http://ncp-space.net/workshop-for-a-convergent-evolution-of-geoss-inspire-and-gmes/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Sbs.utexas.edu. 2014. Modifications to the Cactus Cortex. [online] Available at: http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/researchoncacti/cortex%20text.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Veloz, L. 2014. What Is the Purpose of CAM Photosynthesis? | eHow. [online] Available at: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5525822_purpose-cam-photosynthesis.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Waynesword.palomar.edu. 2014. Euphorbia Family (Euphorbiaceae). [online] Available at: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trmar98b.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Wikipedia. 2014. Succulent plant. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_plant [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
wiseGEEK. 2014. What are the Different Types of Evolution? (with pictures). [online] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-the-different-types-of-evolution.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Answers.com. 2014. How did cactus plants evolve?. [online] Available at: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_did_cactus_plants_evolve#slide=12&article=How_did_cactus_plants_evolve [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Archive.bio.ed.ac.uk. 2014. CACTI AND OTHER SUCCULENTS. [online] Available at: http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/desertecology/cacti.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Au.answers.yahoo.com. 2014. Choose two similar characteristics of Cacti and Euphorbia. Describe how each characteristic benefit’s the plan? - Yahoo Answers. [online] Available at: http://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100202082002AAGtPpS [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Cals.arizona.edu. 2014. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. [online] Available at: http://cals.arizona.edu/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Cdri.org. 2014. Darwin and the Cactus « Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center. [online] Available at: http://cdri.org/publications/nature-notes/evolution-ecology/darwin-and-the-cactus/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dictionary.com. 2014. the definition of ecological niche. [online] Available at: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ecological+niche [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Eduscapes.com. 2014. Cactus (Cactaceae) - In Depth. [online] Available at: http://eduscapes.com/nature/cactus/index1.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Faculty.unlv.edu. 2014. Cacti and Succulents. [online] Available at: http://faculty.unlv.edu/landau/cacti.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Legacy.earlham.edu. 2014. CAM2. [online] Available at: http://legacy.earlham.edu/~biol/desert/CAM2.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Lifeofplant.blogspot.com.au. 2011. Plant Life: Evolution: Convergent and Divergent. [online] Available at: http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com.au/2011/04/evolution-convergent-and-divergent.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Madsci.org. 2014. Re: What is the difference between cacti and euphorbias?. [online] Available at: http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2001-08/999133031.Bt.r.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Mapoflife.org. 2014. "Desert plants with succulent stems" : Map of Life. [online] Available at: http://www.mapoflife.org/topics/topic_387_Desert-plants-with-succulent-stems/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Mapoflife.org. 2014. "Succulent desert plants" : Map of Life. [online] Available at: http://www.mapoflife.org/topics/topic_385_Succulent-desert-plants/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2014. Crassulacean acid metabolism-cycling in Euphorbia... [AoB Plants. 2013] - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23596548 [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Ncp-space.net. 2014. Workshop for a convergent evolution of GEOSS, INSPIRE and GMES | COSMOS. [online] Available at: http://ncp-space.net/workshop-for-a-convergent-evolution-of-geoss-inspire-and-gmes/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Sbs.utexas.edu. 2014. Modifications to the Cactus Cortex. [online] Available at: http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/researchoncacti/cortex%20text.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Veloz, L. 2014. What Is the Purpose of CAM Photosynthesis? | eHow. [online] Available at: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5525822_purpose-cam-photosynthesis.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Waynesword.palomar.edu. 2014. Euphorbia Family (Euphorbiaceae). [online] Available at: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trmar98b.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Wikipedia. 2014. Succulent plant. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_plant [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
wiseGEEK. 2014. What are the Different Types of Evolution? (with pictures). [online] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-the-different-types-of-evolution.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
PDF
Felger, R. and Henrickson, J. 1997. CONVERGENT ADAPTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF A SONORAN DESERT CACTUS (PENIOCEREUS STRIATUS) AND AN AFRICAN SPURGE (EUPHORBIA CRYPTOSPINOSA). [e-book] Drylands Institute, 2509 N. Campbell, #405, Tucson, Arizona 85719 and Department of Biology, California State University, Los Angeles, California 90032: University of Arizona. http://cals.arizona.edu/herbarium/sites/cals.arizona.edu.herbarium/files/old_site/assoc/people/rfelger/1997_felger_henrickson_convergent_evol.pdf [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Books
Mcghee, G. R. 2011. Convergent evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Orians, G. H. and Solbrig, O. T. 1977. Convergent evolution in warm deserts. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.
Owen, E. and Daintith, E. 2004. The Facts on File dictionary of evolutionary biology. New York: Facts on File.
Orians, G. H. and Solbrig, O. T. 1977. Convergent evolution in warm deserts. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.
Owen, E. and Daintith, E. 2004. The Facts on File dictionary of evolutionary biology. New York: Facts on File.
Videos
Brightstorm. 2010. Convergent Evolution. [video online] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBLw5NoA1vw [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Convergent Evolution And Coevolution. 2010. [video online] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7kmxJTrBhE [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Convergent Evolution And Coevolution. 2010. [video online] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7kmxJTrBhE [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Images
Aberystwyth University. 2014. Cactaceae Family. [image online] Available at: http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/ibers/facilities/botany-gardens/magnoliophyta/magnoliopsida/caryophyllidae/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
AM. 2012. About Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. [image online] Available at: http://cambiodesign.org/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Armstrong, W. 2005. Which of these xerophytes is a cactus and which one is a euphorbia?. [image online] Available at: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/convevol.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Black White Yellow. 2014. 2 Outdoor Inspiration: Cactus Love. [image online] Available at: http://blackwhiteyellow.blogspot.com.au/2012_05_01_archive.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Cactus Art Nursery. 2014. Euphorbia Horrida. [image online] Available at: http://www.cactus-art.biz/schede/EUPHORBIA/Euphorbia_horrida/Euphorbia_horrida/Euphorbia_horrida.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dave's Garden. 2008. PlantFiles: Picture #2 of Cardoncillo, Dahlia-rooted Cereus, Jacamatraca, Sacamatraca (Peniocereus striatus). [image online] Available at: http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/180855/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dave's Garden. 2014. PlantFiles: Picture #1 of Euphorbia (Euphorbia cryptospinosa). [image online] Available at: http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/55358/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dave's Garden. 2014. PlantFiles: Picture #4 of Mexican Fire Barrel, Mexican Lime Cactus, Viznaga de Lima (Ferocactus pilosus var. pringlei). [image online] Available at: http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/173944/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Deacon, J. 2014. Euphorb. [image online] Available at: http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/desertecology/euphorb.jpg [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dewey, S. 2014. Euphorbia Esula: Below Description. [image online] Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/eupesu/all.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Iannotti, M. 2014. Stem Succulent: Euphorbia. [image online] Available at: http://gardening.about.com/od/choosingperennialplants/tp/Succulents.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Laboratory 9. 2014. Stem Succulents. [image online] Available at: http://www4.uwsp.edu/biology/courses/botlab/Lab09b.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Poppular Photography. 2014. Cactus With Leaves. [image online] Available at: http://poppular.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/cactus-with-leaves.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
TrekEarth. 2008. Bolivian Cactus. [image online] Available at: http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/South_America/Bolivia/South/Oruro/uyuni/photo1003472.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Wikipedia. 2007. Fishook Barrel Ferocactus wislizeni. [image online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fishook_Barrel_Ferocactus_wislizeni.jpg [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
AM. 2012. About Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. [image online] Available at: http://cambiodesign.org/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Armstrong, W. 2005. Which of these xerophytes is a cactus and which one is a euphorbia?. [image online] Available at: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/convevol.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Black White Yellow. 2014. 2 Outdoor Inspiration: Cactus Love. [image online] Available at: http://blackwhiteyellow.blogspot.com.au/2012_05_01_archive.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Cactus Art Nursery. 2014. Euphorbia Horrida. [image online] Available at: http://www.cactus-art.biz/schede/EUPHORBIA/Euphorbia_horrida/Euphorbia_horrida/Euphorbia_horrida.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dave's Garden. 2008. PlantFiles: Picture #2 of Cardoncillo, Dahlia-rooted Cereus, Jacamatraca, Sacamatraca (Peniocereus striatus). [image online] Available at: http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/180855/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dave's Garden. 2014. PlantFiles: Picture #1 of Euphorbia (Euphorbia cryptospinosa). [image online] Available at: http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/55358/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dave's Garden. 2014. PlantFiles: Picture #4 of Mexican Fire Barrel, Mexican Lime Cactus, Viznaga de Lima (Ferocactus pilosus var. pringlei). [image online] Available at: http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/173944/ [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Deacon, J. 2014. Euphorb. [image online] Available at: http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/desertecology/euphorb.jpg [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Dewey, S. 2014. Euphorbia Esula: Below Description. [image online] Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/eupesu/all.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Iannotti, M. 2014. Stem Succulent: Euphorbia. [image online] Available at: http://gardening.about.com/od/choosingperennialplants/tp/Succulents.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Laboratory 9. 2014. Stem Succulents. [image online] Available at: http://www4.uwsp.edu/biology/courses/botlab/Lab09b.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Poppular Photography. 2014. Cactus With Leaves. [image online] Available at: http://poppular.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/cactus-with-leaves.html [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
TrekEarth. 2008. Bolivian Cactus. [image online] Available at: http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/South_America/Bolivia/South/Oruro/uyuni/photo1003472.htm [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].
Wikipedia. 2007. Fishook Barrel Ferocactus wislizeni. [image online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fishook_Barrel_Ferocactus_wislizeni.jpg [Accessed: 21 Mar 2014].